SummaryIn this synthetic exposition, devoted to the relations which exist between psľchic functions and anatomic structures, Dr Pontes first insists on the difficulties of the subject and of its scientific analysis. Soma, Psyche, and social Milieu form a kind of continuum which is artificiallľ dissociated by our one‐sided approaches. Experimentation cannot be fullľ practised on man, nor can its results on animal be extended to man without serious risks of error. Similar limitations appear if, resorting to the pathological method, we (...) try to apply to the normal conclusions arrived at through the Study of the abnormal. Special reference is made here to psychosurgery, a topic quite familiar to Dr Fontes, who is Dr Egas Moniz’ countryman.The author then summarises our present knowledge concerning the structure, connections and functions of encephalic centers, especially; the thalamus, the hypothalamus and the frontal lobes.Finally, he subscribes, though not without serious reservations, to the hierarchical conception of the Nervous Sľstem as well as of the human mind, first suggested by Jouffroy, after him developed by Baillarger, Janet, Wallon in France, by Hughlings Jackson in Great Britain, and recentlľ revived in Europe by von Mona‐kow and Mourgue, Eľ, and Delaľ. This view enables one to consider nervous or psľchic illnesses as various dissolutions, resulting on the one hand from the suppression of higher centers or powers, on the other hand from the liberation of lower ones. It agrees rather well with the informations gathered by the anatomy and the physiology of the nervous sľstem, and with the conclusions suggested by psychosurgical opérations. To the thalamus and hypothalamus correspond the lower and older manifestations of mind: emotion and instinct, to the cortex the higher and more recent adaptive and intellectual processes. The hypothalamus plays a most important role in the nervous machinery as a regulator of vegetative and instinctive life, of wake and sleep, of consciousness, and of the basic biological rhythms. At the cortical level the frontal lobe appears as the structural basis for such psychical functions as Ego‐control, Will, Personality, and succèssfull action on the milieu. (shrink)

BackgroundDisorders in different levels of body representation are present in hemiplegic cerebral palsy. However, it remains unclear whether the body image develops from aspects of body schema and body structural description, and how this occurs in children with HCP.Objective and methodsIn a cross-sectional study, we investigated 53 children with HCP and 204 typically developing control children to qualitatively evaluate whether and how body schema and body structural description affect the development of children’s body image and whether this development is delayed (...) through HCP. Graph analysis was used to create a lexical-semantic map of body representation from data of a semantic word fluency task.ResultsResults indicated a similar qualitative pattern of influences of sensorimotor and visuospatial experiences on lexical-semantic knowledge of body parts, with a delayed developmental course in children with HCP compared to TD children.ConclusionThese findings suggest that children’s body image seemed to be influenced by body schema and body structural descriptions as indicated by poorer lexical-semantic knowledge of body parts in children with HCP due to missing physical experiences of the affected body parts. This might imply that “body talk” may beneficially complement physical therapy for children with HCP to promote body image development. (shrink)

Desde os anos 1960, muitos educadores populares atuaram no Brasil com “objetivos políticos”, buscando construir uma hegemonia popular alcançada “antes de conquistar o poder governamental”. Pretende-se pesquisar a contribuição dessa síntese fecunda entre educação e política nos movimentos populares para o declínio do regime autoritário e para o fortalecimento de um projeto popular de democracia, que disputou a hegemonia política nos anos 1978-1989, bem como analisar os desdobramentos, limites e possibilidades atuais desse projeto, através da consulta a documentos e (...) class='Hi'>fontes bibliográficas, além de entrevistas. (shrink)

Dossier: Religion and Demography Editorial - vol. 12, no. 36, Out./Dec. 2014.

O artigo articulará a temática do dossiê _Religião e Cinema_ no gênero da ficção científica. Para isso, propõe-se uma reflexão acerca de um conceito de Deus em _2001 Uma Odisseia no Espaço_ a partir de uma declaração do diretor Stanley Kubrick. O trabalho mostrará, inicialmente, um fundo de reflexão comum tanto para a religião quanto para a ficção científica. Uma narrativa cuja realização se dá num evento maior distingue-se, no filme, da confessionalidade religiosa, encontrando, a despeito da tecnologia e da (...) ciência, na própria ficção a emancipação da finitude e das determinações por meio de símbolos infinitos. O símbolo maior, manifestado como protagonista, é o Monolito: fonte de reflexão sobre um outro conceito de Deus distinto de tradições religiosas monoteístas. Como uma metáfora da jornada da humanidade, o neologismo _monoliteísmo_ sugere a busca da compreensão de si mesmo por meio de significações últimas na expressão artística de Kubrick da circularidade, da linearidade e, sobretudo, do silêncio. Apesar de contar com uma análise crítica da linguagem cinematográfica, sobretudo a partir de Deleuze, o método de pesquisa é o hermenêutico e o referencial bibliográfico selecionado contempla obras de crítica tanto filosófica quanto cinematográfica. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar a pertinência do recurso da narração tanto na representação quanto da própria constituição da ipseidade. Para realizar esse intento, optou-se por uma estratégia comparativa entre uma posição antinarrativista e uma narrativista no que concerne aos poderes da narração em apreender e compor o domínio das identificações. Em um primeiro momento será realizada uma reconstrução das posições de Jean-Paul Sartre acerca da narração tendo por base a ontologia fenomenológica de O ser e o nada (...) bem como as considerações sobre narrativa e identidade encontradas no romance A náusea e no texto de Diários de uma guerra estranha. O momento seguinte explorará os argumentos narrativistas de Alasdair MacIntyre em Depois da Virtude, de Charles Taylor em As fontes do self e, especialmente, de Paul Ricoeur em Tempo e narrativa e O si-mesmo como outro. Finalmente, no momento mais estritamente comparativo, pretende-se mostrar certas dificuldades da posição antinarrativista, bem como a fecundidade da posição narrativista, no que diz respeito ao distinto modo de administração da demanda por sentido no rechaço antinarrativista da identidade e do acolhimento do desafio de permanente elaboração de sentido da posição narrativista. (shrink)

La conduite creatrice est reputee obscure. C'est pourquoi elle doit etre l'objet d'une etude scientifique et d'une reflexion philosophique. Telle est la poietique, ainsi nommee naguere par Valery. Dans tous les domaines ou l'homme se fait constructeur, Rene Passeron propose de remonter en amont de l'oeuvre, pour mettre en lumiere les conditions (de tous ordres) qui font de la creation une activite specifique de l'humain.

J'ai pris comme sujet de cet exposé la métaphysique orientale; peut-être aurait-il mieux valu dire simplement la métaphysique sans épithète, car, en vérité, la métaphysique pure étant par essence en dehors et au-delà de toutes les formes et de toutes les contingences, n'est ni orientale ni occidentale, elle est universelle. Ce sont seulement les formes extérieures dont elle est revêtue pour les nécessités d'une exposition, pour en exprimer ce qui est exprimable, ce sont ces formes qui peuvent être soit orientales, (...) soit occidentales; mais, sous leur diversité, c'est un fond identique qui se retrouve partout et toujours, partout du moins où il y a de la métaphysique vraie, et cela pour la simple raison que la vérité est une. S'il en est ainsi, pourquoi parler plus spécialement de métaphysique orientale? C'est que, dans les conditions intellectuelles où se trouve actuellement le monde occidental, la métaphysique y est chose oubliée, ignorée en général, perdue à peu près entièrement, tandis que, en Orient, elle est toujours l'objet d'une connaissance effective. Si l'on veut savoir ce qu'est la métaphysique, c'est donc à l'Orient qu'il faut s'adresser; et, même si l'on veut retrouver quelque chose des anciennes traditions métaphysiques qui ont pu exister en Occident, dans un Occident qui, à bien des égards, était alors singulièrement plus proche de l'Orient qu'il ne l'est aujourd'hui, c'est surtout à l'aide des doctrines orientales et par comparaison avec celles-ci que l'on pourra y parvenir, parce que ces doctrines sont les seules qui, dans ce domaine métaphysique, puissent encore être étudiées directement. Seulement, pour cela, il est bien évident qu'il faut les étudier comme le font les Orientaux eux-mêmes, et non point en se livrant à des interprétations plus ou moins hypothétiques et parfois tout à fait fantaisistes; on oublie trop souvent que les civilisations orientales existent toujours et qu'elles ont encore des représentants qualifiés, auprès desquels il. (shrink)

Normal 0 21 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} Editorial - Dossiê: Pensamento pós-metafísico e discurso sobre Deus – (Dossier: Post-metaphysical thought and speech about God) Normal 0 21 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} (...) Deus: metafísica e pensar pós-metafísico (God: metaphysics and post-metaphysical thinking) - DOI: 10.5752/P.2175-5841.2010v8n16p8. (shrink)

Philosophie et théologie chez Maurice Blondel étudie les relations complexes qu'entretiennent la philosophie et la théologie dans l'œuvre de Maurice Blondel. Pour celui-ci, il s'agit de passer d'une foi vécue à une réflexion philosophique autonome qui refuse tout préjugé. L'inspiration théologique transparaît dans de nombreux thèmes qui font l'objet d'une transposition proprement philosophique. Si philosophie et théologie interfèrent par une partie de leur contenu, elles se distinguent par leur méthode. Distinction toujours maintenue, alors même que la conception blondélienne de la (...) philosophie évolue à partir d'une phénoménologie vers un réalisme intégral. Philosophiquement cohérente à partir de sources dont elle n'intègre pas d'élément sans vérification critique, la pensée blondélienne a déployé une remarquable fécondité théologique dans des questions telles que la foi, le surnaturel, le rapport de l'histoire et du dogme, la mystique. Elle a divisé les théologiens de son temps. D'abord suspectée de modernisme, elle n'en a pas moins exercé une profonde influence, contribuant à ouvrir le catholicisme à la pensée contemporaine. Il lui reste à être mieux reconnue pour sa valeur philosophique. Ce livre voudrait y contribuer pour sa part en montrant que d'étroites relations avec la théologie, loin de dénaturer la philosophie, élargissent son champ et confortent sa consistance rationnelle. (shrink)

Based on the theory of the transference of meanings by Grant McCracken, this study aims at analyzing the way evangelical opinion leaders are able to transfer cultural meaning to the evangelical retinue products to the Holy Land. As any consumer good, this religious product is filled with cultural significance which comes from the culturally built world, in this case, the religious universe of evangelical people. Such meanings come to inhabit the good through two paths, which are, publicity and trend system. (...) Within the trend system, an important source of meanings is the opinion leaders, which are capable of not only edify, but also reform the senses concerning a good. In order to demonstrate this process, at the end, the study presents the case of apostle Renê Terra Nova, a paradigmatic concerning the evangelical retinues to the Holy Land. It is a study of qualitative and explicative nature realized through documental, bibliographical and ethnographic research accomplished in-person or over virtual ways. (shrink)

La célébration du cinquantième anniversaire de la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale et de l’ouverture des camps donne depuis quelques années l’occasion de revisiter une histoire juive douloureuse et loin d’être dépassionnée. De nombreux déportés, l’âge venu, écrivent leurs témoignages, toujours poignants, et qui éclairent les faits avec la brutalité que donne l’expérience personnelle. Quelques-uns de ces témoignages retiennent particulièrement l’attention par ce qu’ils nous font comprendre de...

La célébration du cinquantième anniversaire de la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale et de l’ouverture des camps donne depuis quelques années l’occasion de revisiter une histoire juive douloureuse et loin d’être dépassionnée. De nombreux déportés, l’âge venu, écrivent leurs témoignages, toujours poignants, et qui éclairent les faits avec la brutalité que donne l’expérience personnelle. Quelques-uns de ces témoignages retiennent particulièrement l’attention par ce qu’ils nous font comprendre de...

René Girard (1923-2015) et Claude Tresmontant (1925-1997) ont chacun de leur côté, à travers le judéo-christianisme, réhabilité le monothéisme à partir d'une seule idée directrice : la négation d'un Dieu persécuteur pour Girard, l'affirmation d'un Dieu créateur du monde pour Tresmontant. A partir de là, les deux "balayeurs" font le ménage dans l'histoire de la pensée, au bénéfice d'une nouvelle psychanalyse ("chrétienne"! ) ; en tant que "constructeurs", ils montrent la profonde continuité entre le christianisme et le judaïsme et (...) confirment la légitimité d'un "évolutionnisme chrétien" pour qui l'Evolution, c'est "la Création en acte". (shrink)

Volumes I and II provided a completely new translation of the philosophical works of Descartes, based on the best available Latin and French texts. Volume III contains 207 of Descartes' letters, over half of which have previously not been translated into English. It incorporates, in its entirety, Anthony Kenny's celebrated translation of selected philosophical letters, first published in 1970. In conjunction with Volumes I and II it is designed to meet the widespread demand for a comprehensive, authoritative and accurate edition (...) of Descartes' philosophical writings in clear and readable modern English. (shrink)

Neste artigo pretendemos investigar a origem e o alcance do conceito de Economia Política da Natureza, quando aplicado à luta indígena pela demarcação de seus territórios, em confronto com a dinâmica dos interesses da mercantilização capitalista da terra e dos chamados 'recursos naturais', através da análise dos fundamentos da economia política, com ênfase na sua conceitualização do trabalho. A seguir faremos um levantamento da leitura histórico-materialista destes fenômenos, para finalmente comparar estas teorias com a perspectiva antropológica do “valor” do trabalho (...) e da divisão social das riquezas em sociedades não articuladas pelo mercado auto-regulado. (shrink)

This edition contains Donald Cress's completely revised translation of the Meditations (from the corrected Latin edition) and recent corrections to Discourse on Method, bringing this version even closer to Descartes's original, while maintaining the clear and accessible style of a classic teaching edition.

Sans cesse lu et étudié, Descartes exerça une influence considérable en Europe dès le XVIIe siècle. Le projet de l’édition des œuvres complètes de Descartes a été lancé en 1894 par le Ministère de l’Instruction publique, et entrepris par un comité comprenant entre autre Emile Boutroux, Xavier Léon, Louis Liard, Charles Adam et Paul Tannery. Ces deux derniers, véritables maîtres d’œuvre de ce travail, aidés par l’éditeur, ne négligèrent rien pour pouvoir présenter à l’Exposition universelle de 1900, une édition qui (...) fût digne du philosophe et de son pays.Elle est désormais universellement considérée comme l’édition de référence de l’œuvre cartésienne et est constamment citée dans les travaux d’érudition. Elle est la seule édition véritablement complète à ce jour, et comprend notamment l’ensemble de la correspondance et de l’œuvre scientifique, toutes deux essentielles à une bonne compréhension de l’entreprise cartésienne.René Descartes est né le 31 mars 1596 à La Haye, en Touraine. Il est l’inventeur de la géométrie analytique et de la dioptrique, le promoteur de la mécanique et le fondateur de la philosophie moderne. (shrink)

First published in 1923 as part of the Cambridge Plain Texts series, this volume contains Descartes' Discours de la méthode in the original French. A short editorial introduction in English is also included. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in the works of Descartes and the development of rationalism.

There are very few (published) accounts of editorial misconduct, and those that do exist are almost exclusively focused on medicine-related areas. In the present article we detail a case of editorial misconduct in a rather underexplored domain, the social sciences. This case demonstrates that although legal systems provide different instruments of protection to avoid, compensate for, and punish misconduct on the part of journal editors, the social and economic power unbalance between authors and publishers suggests the importance of alternative solutions (...) before or instead of bringing a lawsuit to court. It puts forward strong arguments in favour of the need for effective regulatory bodies so as to achieve and maintain a culture of research integrity by all involved in the process. (shrink)

Jan Bondeson, A Cabinet of Medical Curiosities (London and New York: Cornell University Press, 1997), ix + 250 pp. ISBN 1-86064-228-4 US$29.95 £23.51. -/- Jan Bondeson, The Feejee Mermaid and Other Essays in Natural and Unnatural History (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1999) xi + 315 pp. ISBN 0-8014-3609-5 Hb £22.50.

In his influential work, A social history of truth, Steven Shapin has argued for the central role of social status in the assessment of experimental knowledge. In his view, in seventeenth-century England, gentlemen were considered the right kind of persons to trust because of their freedom of action, codes of virtue and honour. These characteristics ensured credibility and, hence, compelled assent. However, Shapin does not put sufficient emphasis on the relevance of the testifier’s competence in the validation of knowledge. When (...) and in which circumstances did expertise become more important than social status in the accreditation of natural knowledge? [...] I argue in this paper that it is in the realm of interpretation of unusual and ambiguous anatomies that medical and, in particular, anatomical expertise assumed its most crucial role. Moreover, the medical understanding of the hermaphroditic body in the eighteenth century can be considered one of the most illustrative cases of the construction and display of anatomical expertise. In fact, several of the academic memoirs and dissertations published on hermaphrodites in the eighteenth century attempted precisely to fulfil this purpose. (shrink)

Resumo O propósito deste texto é mostrar que os problemas enfrentados por Merleau-Ponty, ao longo de seu percurso de pensamento, decorrem dos pressupostos dicotômicos dos quais ele parte. Assim, procuramos trazer à tona outras consequências de se assumir tal pressuposto, o do primado de uma experiência perceptiva muda como solo natal de todas as outras modalidades da experiência. Para tanto, tomam-se em consideração tanto a primeira como a segunda fase do pensamento de Merleau-Ponty.Our purpose is to show that the problems (...) faced by Merleau-Ponty throughout his path of thought arise from the dichotomous assumptions from which he begins. Thus, we seek to shed light on the other consequences of assuming a presumption such as the primacy of a mute perceptual experience as the native soil of all other experience’s modes. Therefore, the first as well as the second phases of Merleau-Ponty’s thought are taken into account. (shrink)

Este artigo propõe um levantamento do contato entre o pensamento europeu e os povos ameríndios, com ênfase na genealogia dos conceitos filosóficos que vieram a embasar as posições teológicas e as normas jurídicas responsáveis por regular, ao menos em teoria, as práticas históricas para a dinâmica de invasão e conquista dessas terras baixas da América do Sul. Pois, entendemos que nesta trilha encontraremos os fundamentos da dialética entre os direitos indígenas e as regulamentações do Estado nacional, de onde surgem as (...) tensões relativas às reivindicações dos povos ameríndios pelo direito à proteção e uso exclusivo de seus territórios originários. Iniciamos, então, esse percurso, com o momento inaugural da discussão moderna sobre a pauta dos direitos humanos, a partir do debate relativo ao reconhecimento ou não da humanidade dos povos indígenas no século XVI – presente nas formulações do direito dos povos por Frei Francisco de Vitória; passando pelo importante episódio conhecido como C_ontrovérsia de Valladolid_, entre Sepúlveda e Las Casas; percorrendo posteriormente o período colonial, império, primeira e segunda repúblicas, sempre com especial atenção para os conceitos filosóficos que sustentaram as práticas de exploração, usurpação, proteção e controle ao longo deste percurso; até chegar nos ideais de autonomia e autodeterminação presentes na Constituição de 1988. Finalizando esta exposição com a discussão sobre os desafios atuais para sua manutenção e aperfeiçoamento. (shrink)

Este estudo sintetiza as leituras de Merleu-Ponty sobre a ciência moderna, e procura esclarecer como elas desautorizam uma concepção determinista da Natureza. Ao contrário da física newtoniana e de outras ontologias substancialistas, que submetem a contingência ao entendimento, Merleau-Ponty desvela um registro do descontínuo, onde os seres reduzem-se a “feixe de probabilidades”. Assim, ao fornecer sentido ontológico ao polimorfismo do tempo e do espaço percebidos, Merleau-Ponty intercepta em teóricos pós-newtonianos renovada concepção da matéria: “éter dos acontecimentos”, ela se esclarece menos (...) pelas longas cadeias causais que pela “pululação ilimitada das categorias”. A conseqüente refutação dos princípios de identidade é oportunidade para investir individualidades em devir e modos de existência ubiqüitários, atestados pelas modernas embriologias, elementos que ajudam a reformular o cenário ontológico. PALAVRAS-CHAVE – Natureza. Ciência. Acontecimento. Individualidade. Ontologia. ABSTRACT This paper summarizes Merleau- Ponty lectures about modern sciences and tries to enlighten how he disavows a determinist conception of Nature. Adversely to Newtonian physics and others substantialistic ontologies that translate contingency into understanding, Merleau- Ponty reveals a register of discontinuity in Nature where beings amount to be a “bundle.of probabilities”. Therefore, in getting ontological sense to the polymorphism of perceived time and space, Merleau-Ponty identifies in post- Newtonian theorists a renewed conception of matter as “ether of events”. Matter do not have to be shaped by long causal chains but by “unlimited profusion of categories”. A consequent refusal of identity principles is an opportunity to a close examination of individualities in progress and ubiquitous ways of existence, both attested by moderns embryologies. In doing so, Merleau-Ponty aims to reformulate ontological scene. KEY WORDS – Nature, science, event, individuality, ontology. (shrink)

Neste texto propõe-se primeiramente uma definição do conceito de Cosmopolítica, alertando para suas implicações filosóficas e epistêmicas, e em seguida empreende-se uma problematização da relação do pensamento ocidental com o pensamento ameríndio, a partir de alguns marcos históricos, jurídicos, teorias antropológicas e filosóficas; afim de construir uma janela para se pensar a densidade desta relação, índios e não-índios, na contemporaneidade.

Em tempos plurais hodiernos, reproduz-se um contexto em que coexistem diferentes concepções de verdade, de justiça e de vida digna. Versões de mundo e cosmovisões completamente díspares são paulatinamente legitimadas no grande processo globalizante de inscrição do outro, o que demanda um tipo de racionalidade retórica e argumentativa, única capaz de adaptar-se aos diversos topoi de um mundo cada vez mais multicultural. A proposta é acompanhar esse debate e concluir que a defesa do respeito aos direitos humanos só é possível (...) descomprometendo-se com pressupostos metafísicos excludentes, pseudolaicos, incapazes de gerar respeito mútuo e solidariedade entre todos os interlocutores. (shrink)

The fact that monstrous births were not represented in independent learned publications of the eighteenth century, except for the case of hermaphrodites, does not mean that the interest in them had disappeared or that they were no more considered proper objects of inquiry. This paper focuses on the medical understanding of monstrosity at the Royal Society of London. I point to the use of monstrous births in strengthening the authority of medical practitioners and lecturers. I also show some of their (...) uses in providing new questions for the scenes of medical inquiry of the period and as crucial evidence in the understanding of regular physiological phenomena. I discuss some of the reasons why monstrous formations continued to defy an 'Enlightenment' approach to nature based on the search for order and regularity. (shrink)

In this reproduction of his original publication of 1649, Rene Descartes discusses how seekers of knowledge can best attain true insight of the world around them. Often referred to as simply the Discourse on the Method, this work is frequently cited as one of the most important to appear during the Enlightenment era. It discusses the ideal means through which those in search of knowledge can approach the world, and the practice of science, as a means of attaining true and (...) definitive insight. The Discourse on Method is influential chiefly for its role in establishing the scientific method; a technique which scientists have used to make valid discoveries over the centuries. Descartes instructs the reader to doubt everything, and to use this universal doubt as a starting point from which to approach a problem. In addition to matters of science, Descartes reflects upon his own personal, religious beliefs. In addition to his Method, Descartes also explains certain social and personal notions such as obeying the laws and statutes of his country and prioritizing self-advancement over the achievement of material wealth or fortune. Famous for including the much-quoted phrase "Je pense, donc je suis" - "I think, therefore I am" - the Discourse on Method today stands as a crucial cornerstone of countless educational courses on philosophy. (shrink)